Self-bias emitter circuit

ABSTRACT

A emitter circuit for providing a bias voltage is disclosed. The emitter circuit can comprise an emitter. The emitter circuit can comprise a transductor that includes a primary winding and a secondary winding. The secondary winding can be operable to receive an alternating current (AC) carrier signal. The emitter circuit can comprise a voltage multiplier operable to receive the AC carrier signal from the secondary winding and generate a DC bias voltage. The emitter circuit can comprise a zener diode to limit an amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied across the emitter. The emitter circuit can comprise a filter capacitor operable to smooth the DC bias voltage applied across the emitter.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/667,542, filed Mar. 24, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/917,315, filed Jun. 13, 2013, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,988,911, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates generally to parametric loudspeakers for use in audio production, and more particularly, to emitter circuit configurations.

2. Background Information

A new form of emitters can include a film made of plastic materials such as kapton, mylar, and polypropylene, among others. The upper side of this film can be laminated with a conductive material such as copper, nickel, aluminum, or gold.

The emitter can also include a back plate or stator which can be configured to exhibit a plurality of microscopic slots or pits arranged in a specific pattern. The lower side of the stator can be metallized to receive the application of voltage.

Both film and stator can be combined in such a way that the non-metalized side of the film or lower side can be in contact with the upper side of the stator that exhibits the plurality of microscopic slots or pits. A DC bias voltage can be applied to the metalized side or upper side of the film and the metalized or lower side of the stator, where both conductive sides of film and stator can be separated by the film since its lower side is not metallized. When the DC bias voltage is applied to the emitter, the metalized side of the stator can pull the film down to the cavities of the microscopic slots or pits, causing the emitter to activate. As such, DC bias voltage application can be required for a suitable emitter operation.

To provide DC bias voltage, an auxiliary power supply can be operatively connected to the emitter, but this configuration can increase the cost of the emitter circuit while also implying the use of additional wires to connect the emitter with the auxiliary power supply.

For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for providing a suitable application of DC bias voltage to a new emitter configuration.

SUMMARY

A self-bias emitter circuit can receive a modulated or unmodulated AC carrier signal as input and can subsequently rectify this modulated or unmodulated AC carrier signal into a steady DC bias voltage for suitable application across an emitter device without affecting carrier information necessary to the emitter to emit parametric information.

According to an embodiment, a self-bias emitter circuit can include a transductor with an electromagnetic shielded pot core, where a primary can be matched to the impedance of an amplifier, while a secondary is matched to the impedance of the emitter to provide a chosen resonant point. This self-bias emitter circuit can include a full-wave bridge rectifier that can convert the modulated or unmodulated AC carrier signal into a corresponding DC voltage. Subsequently, a filter capacitor can reduce variations of the DC voltage at the output of full-wave bridge rectifier in order to provide a steady DC bias voltage across the emitter for suitable operation. Sufficiently small, decoupling capacitors can be installed at each side of the full-wave rectifier to decouple the DC bias voltage from the secondary and to avoid shunting the AC carrier signal into the full-wave bridge rectifier. A sufficiently large capacitor can be installed between emitter and secondary to prevent DC bias voltage from flowing back to secondary.

Amplitude of DC bias voltage can approximately correspond to the highest peak of the AC carrier signal, where maximum achievable DC bias voltage can be determined by the highest peak of a modulated carrier signal.

According to another embodiment, a self-bias emitter circuit can include transductor with one primary and two secondary windings, where primary can be matched to the amplifier, while one secondary can be matched to the emitter. The other secondary can be operatively connected to the full-wave bridge rectifier which can convert an AC carrier signal into corresponding DC voltage, followed by smoothing of this DC voltage by filter capacitor for the application of suitable DC bias voltage across the emitter. Numbers of turns in the secondary connected with full-wave bridge rectifier can be selected according to the desired amplitude of the DC bias voltage.

In another embodiment, a self-bias emitter circuit can include transductor with primary matched to the amplifier, while the secondary can include an intermediate tap to configure one section of the secondary with a higher number of turns. Section of secondary with higher number of turns can be operatively connected to the full-wave rectifier to provide step-up voltage conversion, and consequently a higher DC bias voltage across the emitter. The other section of secondary can be configured for matching the emitter resonance.

Yet in another embodiment, a self-bias emitter circuit does not require the full-wave bridge rectifier for converting AC carrier signal into DC bias voltage. In such case, a center tapped inductor can be used as secondary in conjunction with two diodes for providing full-wave rectification of AC carrier signal, followed by filtering and application of DC bias voltage across the emitter.

In an even further embodiment, a self-bias emitter circuit does not require the full-wave bridge rectifier for converting AC carrier signal into DC bias voltage. In this particular embodiment, the self-bias emitter circuit can include a voltage doubler which can be used in conjunction with a filter capacitor in order to provide a steady and increased DC bias voltage to the emitter, while also coupling a modulated AC carrier signal to the emitter without significant signal attenuation. This self-bias emitter circuit can also include a zener diode to limit the amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied across the emitter.

The disclosed embodiments of a self-bias emitter circuit can use the amplitude of the modulated or unmodulated carrier signal to provide suitable DC bias voltage across the emitter, eliminating the necessity of auxiliary power supplies and external wires, and thereby, reducing operational costs and simplifying operation of the emitter system. Additional features and advantages can become apparent from the detailed descriptions which follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention are described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. Unless indicated as representing the background information, the figures represent aspects of the invention.

FIG. 1 shows an emitter circuit which can include an auxiliary power supply for supplying a bias voltage across an emitter device as described in the background information.

FIG. 2 illustrates a self-bias emitter circuit that can include a full-wave bridge rectifier and does not require the use of auxiliary power supply and wires to provide DC bias voltage to emitter, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3A depicts an exemplary AC carrier signal in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3B depicts a full-wave rectified AC carrier signal in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3C depicts a steady DC bias voltage in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 shows another self-bias emitter circuit that can include a center tapped inductor in conjunction with two diodes for rectification and does not require the use of auxiliary power supply and wires to provide DC bias voltage to emitter.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit where full-wave bridge rectifier can be used in conjunction with an additional secondary to provide steady DC bias voltage to emitter.

FIG. 6 depicts another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit which can include secondary in the form of an inductor having a section with a higher number of turns and including an intermediate tap, where section can be connected with full-wave bridge rectifier to provide steady DC bias voltage to emitter.

FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit which can include a voltage doubler and a zener diode.

FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit which can include a voltage doubler and a zener diode.

FIG. 9A shows another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit which can include a voltage multiplier and a zener diode.

FIG. 9B shows three weighting curves and resultant composite weighting-curve that can be applied when evaluating the baseband acoustic effect of electrically-measured Total Harmonic Distortion for a Hyper-Sound system.

FIG. 10 shows another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit which can include a voltage multiplier and a zener diode.

FIG. 11 shows another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit which can include a first voltage multiplier and rectifier operable to generate a positive DC bias voltage and a second voltage multiplier and rectifier operable to generate a negative DC bias voltage.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, which are not to scale or to proportion, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings and claims, are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can be used and/or and other changes can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure.

Definition of Terms

As used herein, “emitter” can refer to a device capable of emitting ultrasonic signals and that can be integrated in a self-bias emitter circuit.

As used herein, “self-bias emitter circuit” can refer to a circuit capable of transforming an input modulated or unmodulated AC carrier signal into a steady DC bias voltage.

As used herein, “DC bias voltage” can refer to a steady or constant DC voltage that can be obtained after rectification and filtering of a modulated or unmodulated AC carrier signal, for subsequent application across the emitter.

As used herein, the term “transductor” can be used to refer to a variety of electrical components. In one specific aspect, a “transductor” is a transformer configured to be coupled between an amplifier and a parametric emitter. The transformer can include a primary winding with a first number of turns and a secondary winding with a second number of turns. The number of turns in the primary winding of the pot core transformer can be selected to present a predetermined level of load impedance to the amplifier. The number of turns in the secondary winding of the pot core transformer can be selected to achieve electrical resonance between the secondary winding and the emitter. Suitable examples of transductors are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,391,514 and 8,767,979, to one of the present inventors. U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,391,514 and 8,767,979 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Description

FIG. 1 shows an emitter circuit 100 which can include an auxiliary power supply 102 for supplying a bias voltage across an emitter 104 as described in the background information. This emitter circuit 100 can also include a transductor 106 with primary 108 and secondary 110, a swing capacitor 112, and a resistor 114.

Emitter 104 can be configured for allowing the emission of ultrasonic signals, and can exhibit a capacitance ranging from about 0.5 nF to about 1 uF depending on materials and configuration of emitter 104. For suitable operation, auxiliary power supply 102 can be operatively coupled to provide a bias voltage across emitter 104 using a first wire 116 and a second wire 118 as shown in FIG. 1. A resistor 114 can be in series with first wire 116 to couple emitter 104. Auxiliary power supply 102 can be powered by a 3V battery to provide an output DC (direct current) voltage that can be constant and can exhibit values ranging from about 200 volts to about 500 volts, depending on the biasing requirements of emitter 104. Optionally, auxiliary power supply 102 can be powered by regular AC (alternating current) 120 volts, in which case an AC/DC transformer can be integrated into auxiliary power supply 102 to convert AC voltage to DC voltage necessary for biasing emitter 114. Resistor 114 can range from about 1 MΩ to about 10 MΩ depending on the coupling requirements of emitter 104.

Capacitor 112 can be installed in emitter circuit 100 to prevent DC bias voltage provided by auxiliary power supply 102 from flowing back to secondary 110, thereby reducing or mitigating interference of auxiliary power supply 102 to the resonance of emitter circuit 100. Preferred value of capacitor 112 can be sufficiently large compared to capacitance exhibited by emitter 104. According to an embodiment, capacitor 112 can range from about 100 nF to about 0.1 μF, as compared to emitter 104 which can typically have a capacitance of about 4 nF to about 8 nF; so the value of capacitor 112 should be substantially greater so as to not lose significant signal there.

Transductor 106 can exhibit a pot core that is inherently shielded to prevent electromagnetic interference or unwanted radiation. Primary 108 can be operatively connected to an amplifier (not shown in FIG. 1) which can feed a carrier signal into emitter circuit 100. Carrier signal can exhibit a sinusoidal AC waveform which periodically reverses direction and can be modulated with an input audio signal processed in a signal processing system (not shown in FIG. 1). Primary 108 can have enough number of turns to match impedance of the amplifier which can typically range between about 4Ω and 12Ω. Secondary 110 can include an inductor which can be selected to match impedance of emitter 104.

As seen from FIG. 1, auxiliary power supply 102 can be needed to supply a DC bias voltage to emitter 104 for suitable operation, along with additional wires 116, 118 which are usually external to emitter circuit 100. These elements can imply additional operational costs to emitter circuit 100.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a self-bias emitter circuit 200 does not require the use of auxiliary power supply 102 and wires 116, 118 to provide DC bias voltage to emitter 104, according to an embodiment.

Self-bias emitter circuit 200 can include a full-wave bridge rectifier 202 which can convert the AC carrier signal received by primary 108 to DC voltage. Full-wave bridge rectifier 202 can include 4 diodes 204 which can be configured as shown in FIG. 2 to provide full-wave rectification of AC carrier signal. Two decoupling capacitors 206 A and 206 B can be placed at each side of full-wave bridge rectifier 202 to decouple the DC voltage generated after full-wave rectification. Decoupling capacitors 206 A and 206 B can be small enough to minimize current consumption from full-wave bridge rectifier 202 and to avoid shunting the AC carrier signal, preferably in the range of about 0.001 μF.

While full-wave bridge rectifier 202 can provide unidirectional voltage, this DC voltage cannot have yet reached a constant or steady state. In order to provide a steady DC voltage from the rectified AC carrier signal, a filter capacitor 208 can be operatively coupled to the output of full-wave bridge rectifier 202. Given that the frequency of a carrier signal can be generally high, specifically in the range of about 25 kHz to about 60 kHz, filter capacitor 208 can be sufficiently small, preferably between about 0.01 μF and about 10 μF. This relatively small filter capacitor 208 cannot represent a considerable operational cost to self-bias emitter circuit 200.

Although filter capacitor 208 can provide a sufficiently steady DC voltage, this DC voltage cannot be completely smooth as some ripples can still be present, where these ripples cannot significantly affect suitable operation of emitter 104.

A sufficiently steady DC output voltage can now be across filter capacitor 208 and can be floating because of decoupling capacitors 206 A and 206 B. Two resistors 114 A and 114 B can be operatively coupled with filter capacitor 208 to apply suitable DC bias voltage across emitter 104. Similarly as emitter circuit 100 shown in FIG. 1, self-bias emitter circuit 200 can include capacitor 112 to prevent the DC bias voltage generated by full-wave bridge rectifier 202 from flowing back to secondary 110. In addition, primary 108 can be configured to match impedance of amplifier (not shown in FIG. 2), while secondary 110 can be selected to match impedance of emitter 104.

In another embodiment, it is possible to eliminate either decoupling capacitor 206 B or resistor 114 B from self-bias emitter circuit 200 without compromising performance. In such case, primary 108 can be completely isolated from earth ground or amplifier ground, thus no additional isolation is needed in the form of decoupling capacitor 206 B or resistor 114 B.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of AC to DC conversion 300 that can be performed by self-bias emitter circuit 200. This AC to DC conversion 300 can be also applicable to other embodiments of self-bias emitter circuits as described herein.

In FIG. 3A, an exemplary AC carrier signal 302 can be the input at primary 108 and can swing from high voltage V_(H) to low voltage V_(L), where V_(H) can represent the highest peak of the AC carrier signal 302, while V_(L) can represent its corresponding lowest peak. As such, amplitude of AC carrier signal 302 can be determined by V_(H)+V_(L). According to an embodiment, amplitude of AC carrier signal 302 with 0% modulation or no input audio signal can exhibit amplitude of about 150 volts. When this AC carrier signal 302 is near 100% modulated or mixed with another input audio signal, amplitude can increase to a range of about 300 volts to about 600 volts.

FIG. 3B shows full-wave rectified AC carrier signal 304 that can be measured at the output of full-wave bridge rectifier 202. In this full-wave rectified AC carrier signal 304, the V_(L) swings of AC carrier signal 302 can be rectified to V_(H), thereby obtaining a signal with unidirectional voltage. However, as shown in FIG. 3B, V_(H) peaks of full-wave rectified AC carrier signal 304 cannot yet exhibit a steady or constant DC output.

Referring now to FIG. 3C, a steady DC bias voltage 306 can be obtained after filter capacitor 208 decreases the variations of full-wave rectified AC carrier signal 304. Some variations can be still present in steady DC bias voltage 306 in the form of ripples 308. However, these ripples 308 can be minimal and cannot significantly affect suitable application of steady DC bias voltage 306 to emitter 104.

Suitable steady DC bias voltage 306 can be obtained with 0% modulation or unmodulated AC carrier signal 302, where amplitude of steady DC bias voltage 306 can correspond to about V_(H) peak of AC carrier signal 302 with 0% modulation. According to an embodiment, maximum magnitude of steady DC bias voltage 306 applied to emitter 104 can correspond to maximum V_(H) peak of 100% modulation or modulated AC carrier signal 302. As such, self-bias emitter circuit 200 described herein can operate with AC carrier signal 302 with 0% modulation or with 100% modulation.

FIG. 4 shows another self-bias emitter circuit 400 that does not require the use of auxiliary power supply 102 and wires 116, 118 to provide DC bias voltage to emitter 104, according to an embodiment. Self-bias emitter circuit 400 can exhibit same or similar performance as compared to self-bias emitter circuit 200 with the difference that self-bias emitter circuit 400 does not need full-wave bridge rectifier 202 to provide rectification of AC carrier signal.

Self-bias emitter circuit 400 can include transductor 106 with primary 108 matched to amplifier (not shown in FIG. 4) and secondary 110 matched to emitter 104. Secondary 110 can include a center tapped inductor which can deliver half-voltage cycles between center tap 402 and each end of secondary 110, where these half-voltage cycles between center tap 402 and each end of secondary 110 can exhibit opposite polarities. Diodes 204 can provide rectification of both half-voltage cycles across secondary 110, where center tap 402 represent negative output (−), while positive output (+) can be obtained between diodes 204 as shown in FIG. 4. Similarly as in self-bias emitter circuit 200, decoupling capacitors 206 A and 206 B can be placed between secondary 110 and diodes 204 to decouple the DC voltage generated after full-wave rectification.

Output (+/−) can be a DC voltage which can require filtering in order to achieve a constant or steady state. As such, filter capacitor 208 can filter output (+/−) and can be operatively connected to resistors 114 A and 114 B to apply steady DC bias voltage across emitter 104. Capacitor 112 can still be needed to prevent DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104 from flowing back to secondary 110.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit 500 where full-wave bridge rectifier 202 can be used in conjunction with an additional secondary 502 to provide steady DC bias voltage to emitter 104.

Self-bias emitter circuit 500 can include a transductor 106 with primary 108 matched to amplifier (not shown in FIG. 5) and secondary 110 matched to emitter 104. According to some aspects of this embodiment, transductor 106 can also include additional secondary 502 which can share the same magnetically shielded pot core. Number of turns for additional secondary 502 can be selected according to the application. For example, number of turns in additional secondary 502 can be configured for step-up or step-down operation depending on the required levels of DC bias voltage.

Additional secondary 502 can be operatively coupled to full-wave bridge rectifier 202 to convert AC carrier signal received at primary 108 into DC voltage. Subsequently, this DC voltage output from full-wave bridge rectifier 202 can be smoothed by filter capacitor 208 and applied across emitter 104 through resistors 114 A and 114 B. Self-bias emitter circuit 500 cannot include decoupling capacitors 206 A and 206 B (as compared to FIG. 2 and FIG. 4) because voltages at secondary 110 and additional secondary 502 can be isolated from each other. However, capacitor 112 can still be needed to prevent DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104 from flowing back to secondary 110.

Referring now to FIG. 6, another embodiment of a self-biased emitter circuit 600 can include secondary 110 in the form of an inductor having a section 602 with a higher number of turns and including an intermediate tap 604, where section 602 can be operatively connected with full-wave bridge rectifier 202 to provide steady DC bias voltage to emitter 104.

In self-bias emitter circuit 600, primary 108 can be configured to match amplifier (not shown in FIG. 6), while intermediate tap 604 can configure secondary 110 into two sections, namely section 602 and section 606. Section 602 can exhibit a higher number of turns compared to section 606, in which case, section 602 can provide step-up voltage to full-wave bridge rectifier 202 as required by the application. Optionally, section 602 can be configured to provide step-down voltage to full-wave bridge rectifier 202. Section 606, in the other hand, can be configured with a suitable number of turns to match emitter 104.

Full-wave bridge rectifier 202 can convert AC carrier signal at section 602 into a DC voltage, while filter capacitor 208 can filter this DC voltage and can be operatively connected to resistors 114 A and 114 B to provide a steady DC bias voltage across emitter 104. In this embodiment, decoupling capacitors 206 A and 206 B can be installed at each side of full-wave bridge rectifier 202 in order to decouple from secondary 110. Similarly to previous embodiments, capacitor 112 can be required to prevent DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104 from flowing back to section 606 of secondary 110.

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit 700 where a voltage doubler can be used in conjunction with a capacitor 702 in order to provide a steady and increased DC bias voltage to emitter 104, while also coupling a modulated AC carrier signal to emitter 104 without significant signal attenuation. Self-bias emitter circuit 700 can also include a zener diode 704 to limit the amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104.

In self-bias emitter circuit 700, primary 108 can be matched to amplifier (not shown in FIG. 7), while secondary 110 can be matched to emitter 104. Voltage doubler can include capacitors 706 and 708, along with diodes 710 and 712. A modulated or unmodulated AC carrier signal can be received at secondary 110. During the negative or V_(L) swing of this AC carrier signal, diode 710 can begin to conduct, causing capacitor 706 to charge; at the same time, diode 712 can be reverse biased, preventing the charging of capacitor 708. Conversely, during the positive or V_(H) swing of the AC carrier signal, diode 710 can be reverse biased, while diode 712 can begin to conduct, thereby charging capacitor 708. With both capacitors 706 and 708 charged, the DC bias voltage across capacitor 708 can be doubled. According to an embodiment, values for capacitors 706 and 708 can be determined based on the frequency of the AC carrier signal. For example, in case of an AC carrier frequency between about 40 kHz and 50 kHz, capacitors 706 and 708 can typically exhibit a capacitance of about 0.01 μF. In addition, capacitor 706 can prevent the DC bias voltage from flowing back to secondary 110.

Given that the amplitude of the modulated AC carrier signal can change significantly as music content is played, a zener diode 704 can be installed between resistors 714 and 716 to regulate the maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied to emitter 104. For example, a 300 volts zener diode 704 can limit the amplitude of the DC bias voltage across emitter 104 to about 300 volts. The maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage that can be applied to emitter 104 can be determined based on the materials and thickness of emitter 104 film.

Resistors 714 and 716 can be installed as shown in FIG. 7 to decouple the DC bias voltage and to prevent it from shorting to the AC carrier signal. Resistor 714 decouples zener diode 704 from the voltage doubler, while resistor 716 decouples the regulated DC bias voltage from zener diode 704 to emitter 104. In addition, resistor 716 also decouples the AC carrier signal from having any effect on the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. Resistors 714 and 716 can exhibit values ranging from about 330 kΩ to about 1 MΩ.

A capacitor 702 can provide an effective and continuous electrical path for the AC carrier signal, specifically from secondary 110 to the output or emitter 104, without significant signal attenuation. Capacitor 702 can exhibit a capacitance of about 0.1 μF. Optionally, a diode (not shown in FIG. 7) can be installed in parallel with capacitor 702 in order to prevent any spark from flowing back to capacitor 702, and also for preventing capacitor 702 from switching to wrong or undesired polarity.

FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit 800 where a voltage doubler can be used in conjunction with a capacitor 802 in order to provide a steady and increased DC bias voltage to emitter 104, while also coupling a modulated AC carrier signal to emitter 104 without significant signal attenuation. Self-bias emitter circuit 800 can also include a zener diode 804 to limit the amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104.

In self-bias emitter circuit 800, filter capacitor 818 can be across the zener diode 804. The filter capacitor 818 can smooth the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. In addition, filter capacitor 818 can block the DC bias voltage from going back to secondary 110. As a non-limiting example, filter capacitor 818 can exhibit a capacitance of about 1.5 μF and is a polarized capacitor. As another non-limiting example, emitter 104 can be operated at 96-100 kHz.

Primary 108 can be matched to amplifier (not shown in FIG. 8), while secondary 110 can be matched to emitter 104. Voltage doubler can include capacitors 806 and 808, along with diodes 810 and 812. A modulated or unmodulated AC carrier signal can be received at secondary 810. During the negative or V_(L) swing of this AC carrier signal, diode 810 can begin to conduct, causing capacitor 806 to charge; at the same time, diode 812 can be reverse biased, preventing the charging of capacitor 808. Conversely, during the positive or V_(H) swing of the AC carrier signal, diode 810 can be reverse biased, while diode 812 can begin to conduct, thereby charging capacitor 808. With both capacitors 806 and 708 charged, the DC bias voltage across capacitor 808 can be doubled. According to an embodiment, values for capacitors 806 and 808 can be determined based on the frequency of the AC carrier signal. For example, in case of an AC carrier frequency between about 40 kHz and 50 kHz, capacitors 806 and 808 can typically exhibit a capacitance of about 0.01 μF. In addition, capacitor 806 can prevent the DC bias voltage from flowing back to secondary 110.

Given that the amplitude of the modulated AC carrier signal can change significantly as music content is played, a zener diode 804 can be installed between resistors 814 and 816 to regulate the maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied to emitter 104. For example, a 300 volts zener diode 804 can limit the amplitude of the DC bias voltage across emitter 104 to about 300 volts. The maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage that can be applied to emitter 104 can be determined based on the materials and thickness of emitter 104 film.

Resistors 814 and 816 can be installed as shown in FIG. 8 to decouple the DC bias voltage and for preventing it from shorting to the AC carrier signal. Resistor 814 decouples zener diode 804 from the voltage doubler, while resistor 816 decouples the regulated DC bias voltage from zener diode 804 to emitter 104. In addition, resistor 816 also decouples the AC carrier signal from having any effect on the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. Resistors 814 and 816 can exhibit values ranging from about 330 kΩ to about 1 MΩ.

A capacitor 802 can provide an effective and continuous electrical path for the AC carrier signal, specifically from secondary 110 to the output or emitter 104, without significant signal attenuation. Capacitor 802 can exhibit a capacitance of about 0.1 μF. Optionally, a diode (not shown in FIG. 8) can be installed in parallel with capacitor 802 in order to prevent any spark from flowing back to capacitor 802, and also for preventing capacitor 802 from switching to wrong or undesired polarity.

FIG. 9A illustrates another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit 900 that provides a steady and increased DC bias voltage to emitter 104, while also coupling a modulated AC carrier signal to emitter 104 without significant signal attenuation. Self-bias emitter circuit 900 can also include a zener diode 950 to limit the amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. The zener diode 950 can be approximately 360 V. In one example, the self-bias emitter circuit 900 can be manufactured using surface mount parts.

In self-bias emitter circuit 900, diodes 930, 932, 934, 936 can be in combination with capacitors 918, 912, 920, 914, and are configured to operate as a rectifier and voltage multiplier. In particular, diodes 930, 932, 934, 936 and capacitors 918, 912, 920, 914 are configured as a rectifier and voltage quadrupler resulting in a DC bias voltage of up to approximately four times a carrier voltage amplitude across nodes A and E2. As a non-limiting example, the capacitors 918, 912, 920, 914 can be approximately 100 pico farads.

In self-bias emitter circuit 900, filter capacitor 952 can be across the zener diode 950. The filter capacitor 952 can smooth the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. Filter capacitor 916 can block the DC bias voltage from going back to secondary 110. As a non-limiting example, filter capacitor 916 can exhibit a capacitance of about 1.5 micro farads (μF). As another non-limiting example, emitter 104 can be operated at 96-100 kHz.

The self-bias emitter circuit 900 can include resistors 940 and 942. The resistors 940 and 942 can reduce an amount of current going into the voltage multiplier of the self-bias emitter circuit 900. The resistors 940 and 942 can reduce an amount of distortion in the self-bias emitter circuit 900 by lowering the amount of current being drawn by the rectifier of the self-bias emitter circuit 900. As a non-limiting example, the resistors 940 and 942 can each have a resistance of 50 k ohms.

Transductor 106 can exhibit a pot core that is inherently shielded to prevent electromagnetic interference or unwanted radiation. Primary 108 can be operatively connected to an amplifier (not shown in FIG. 9) which can feed a carrier signal into self-bias emitter circuit 900. Carrier signal can exhibit a sinusoidal AC waveform which periodically reverses direction and can be modulated with an input audio signal processed in a signal processing system (not shown in FIG. 9A). Primary 108 can have enough number of turns to match impedance of the amplifier which can typically range between about 4Ω and 12Ω. Secondary 110 can include an inductor which can be selected to match impedance of emitter 104.

In the transductor 106, the turns on the secondary 110 are to act like an inductor to parallel resonate with the capacitance of the emitter 104. The transductor 106 can ignore the turns ratio. Rather, the number of turns can be defined, and the transductor 106 can be connected in parallel with an electrostatic emitter 104 to form a parallel resonance circuit. The electrostatic emitter 104 has a capacitance and the secondary 110 of the transductor 106 has an inductance. Upon formation of the parallel resonance circuit, the number of turns on the primary 108 can be wound up, and then analyzed on a network analyzer or an inductance meter to determine an overall reflected impedance of the primary 108. The primary 108 can be wound up until in a region of approximately 8 ohms, which can be ideal for amplifiers and parametric loudspeakers. Therefore, the secondary 110 can be matched to a certain resonance point with the emitter 104, and the primary 108 can be matched to reflect a certain impedance as a load to the amplifier, thereby improving efficiency of the self-bias emitter circuit 900.

Given that the amplitude of the modulated AC carrier signal can change significantly as music content is played, a zener diode 950 can be installed between resistors 944 and 946 to regulate the maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied to emitter 104. For example, a 300 volts zener diode 950 can limit the amplitude of the DC bias voltage across emitter 104 to about 300 volts. The maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage that can be applied to emitter 104 can be determined based on the materials and thickness of emitter 104 film.

Resistors 944 and 946 can be installed as shown in FIG. 9 to decouple the DC bias voltage and for preventing it from shorting to the AC carrier signal. Resistor 944 decouples zener diode 950 from the voltage multiplier, while resistor 946 decouples the regulated DC bias voltage from zener diode 950 to emitter 104. In addition, resistor 946 also decouples the AC carrier signal from having a significant effect on the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. Resistors 944 and 946 can exhibit values of approximately 1 MΩ.

A capacitor 916 can provide an effective and continuous electrical path for the AC carrier signal, specifically from secondary 110 to the output or emitter 104, without significant signal attenuation. Capacitor 916 can exhibit a capacitance of about 0.7 μF. Optionally, a diode (not shown in FIG. 9) can be installed in parallel with capacitor 916 in order to prevent any spark from flowing back to capacitor 916, and also for preventing capacitor 916 from switching to wrong or undesired polarity.

In one example, modulated ultrasound that is emitted from the emitter 104 can be subject to harmonic distortion. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) can be measured in the air after the modulated ultrasound is generated from a parametric loudspeaker. A first source of distortion can be due to a switching amplifier (not shown in FIG. 9). The distortion from the switching amplifier can be less than 10%. A second source of distortion can be from the emitter 104 itself. In one example, the emitter 104 can be single ended, which results in the emitter 104 exhibiting some harmonic distortion. On the other hand, if the emitter 104 is a push-pull emitter, then much of the harmonic distortion from the emitter 104 can be eliminated. The third source of distortion can be from the self-bias emitter circuit 900. Resistor 946 can provide a charge at E1 across the emitter 104. If the self-bias emitter circuit 900 is eliminated as a potential source of distortion, the appropriately weighted THD (THD-wgt; see FIG. 9B) can be reduced to 6%. Between 30-40% THD-wgt can be added by the self-bias emitter circuit 900. In order to reduce the distortion, filter capacitor 952 can be placed across the zener diode 950. In addition, the value of resistors 944 and 946 can be approximately 1 MΩ, which can reduce the distortion added by the self-bias emitter circuit 900. Furthermore, the values of capacitors 912, 914, 918, 920, as well as capacitors 916 and 952 can be reduced from approximately 0.01 μF to 100 pico farads (pf), which together with the above modifications, can result in the amount of THD-wgt added by the self-bias emitter circuit 900 being approximately zero. The amount of distortion is reduced because the charge transferred to each capacitor (e.g., capacitor 912) that is 100 pf is much less, as opposed to the charge transferred when each capacitor is 0.01 μF. As a result, the capacitors do not cause as large of current spikes through the amplifier.

FIG. 9B shows total harmonic distortion (THD) weightings for a generalized self-bias emitter circuit. When evaluating voltage measurements, such as voltage measurements obtained at a hypersound amplifier output, a weighting must be applied to the measured voltage waveform to obtain an accurate assessment of what a typical human ear hears when hypersound is demodulated into baseband audio. The weightings described below are referred to the baseband (and negative frequency baseband), and all have 0 dB weighting at 1 kHz baseband. The first weighting compensates for the characteristics of the demodulating air column: +12 dB/octave from 20 Hz to 20 kHz and +12 dB/octave from −20 Hz to −20 kHz. The second weighting compensates for the emitter ultrasonic output response: −6 dB to 0 dB from −20 kHz to 0 Hz, 0 dB from 0 to 10 kHz, −6 dB/octave from 10 kHz to 15 kHz, and −12 dB/octave from 15 kHz to 20 kHz. The third weighting compensates for the human ear's response: International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) 468.

FIG. 9B illustrates the three individual weightings (i.e., the air-column demodulation weighting, the emitter ultrasound weighting and the ITU-R 468 weighting), as well as the composite of the three individual weightings, which are referenced to a 96 kHz carrier instead of direct current (DC), or baseband, as described above. The weightings are shown for a bandwidth of +/−24 kHz from carrier. The applied weighting can be severe, up to +48 dB for some frequencies. Thus it is critical to specify how a noise or distortion figure of merit is weighted. In addition, noise and distortion contained in the lower sideband can be heard equally with that in the upper side-band of the modulated signal. The two sidebands are additive to the listener.

FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit 1000 that provides a steady and increased DC bias voltage to emitter 104, while also coupling a modulated AC carrier signal to emitter 104 without significant signal attenuation. Self-bias emitter circuit 1000 can also include one or more zener diodes to limit the amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. For example, the self-bias emitter circuit 1000 can include a series of zener diodes 1060, 1062, 1064. The series of zener diodes 1060, 1062, 1064 can add up to approximately 350 V. In one example, the self-bias emitter circuit 1000 can be manufactured using surface mount parts.

In the self-bias emitter circuit 1000, diodes 1030, 1032, 1034, 1036, 1038, 1040 can be in combination with capacitors 1012, 1014, 1016, 1020, 1022, 1026 and are configured to operate as a rectifier and voltage multiplier. In particular, diodes 1030, 1032, 1034, 1036, 1038, 1040 and capacitors 1012, 1014, 1016, 1020, 1022, 1026 are configured as a rectifier and voltage sextupler (i.e., x6) resulting in a DC bias voltage of up to approximately six times a carrier voltage amplitude across nodes A and E2. As a non-limiting example, the capacitors 1012, 1014, 1016, 1020, 1022, 1026 can be approximately 0.01 micro farads.

In the self-bias emitter circuit 1000, filter capacitor 1024 can be across the series of zener diodes 1060, 1062, 1064. The filter capacitor 1024 can smooth the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. As a non-limiting example, filter capacitor 952 can exhibit a capacitance of about 1.5 μF.

The self-bias emitter circuit 1000 can include resistors 1050 and 1052. The resistors 1050 and 1052 can reduce an amount of current going into the multiplier of the self-bias emitter circuit 1000. The resistors 1050 and 1052 can reduce the amount of distortion in the self-bias emitter circuit 1000 by lowering the amount of current being drawn by the rectifier of the self-bias emitter circuit 1000. For example, the resistors 1050 and 1052 can reduce distortion in the self-bias emitter circuit 1000 from approximately 40% to approximately 10%. As a non-limiting example, the resistors 940 and 942 can each have a resistance of 50 k ohms.

The self-bias emitter circuit 1000 can include a transductor 106, which can exhibit a pot core that is inherently shielded to prevent electromagnetic interference or unwanted radiation. The transductor 106 can be coupled to capacitor 1010. Primary 108 can be operatively connected to an amplifier (not shown in FIG. 10) which can feed a carrier signal into self-bias emitter circuit 1000. Carrier signal can exhibit a sinusoidal AC waveform which periodically reverses direction and can be modulated with an input audio signal processed in a signal processing system (not shown in FIG. 10). Primary 108 can have enough number of turns to match impedance of the amplifier which can typically range between about 4Ω and 12Ω. Secondary 110 can include an inductor which can be selected to match impedance of emitter 104.

The series of zener diodes 1060, 1062, 1064 can be installed between resistors 1054 and 1056 to regulate the maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied to emitter 104. For example, the series of zener diodes 1060, 1062, 1064 can equal a total of approximately 350V, which can limit the amplitude of the amplitude of the DC bias voltage across emitter 104. Resistors 1054 and 1056 can exhibit values of approximately 470 kΩ.

A capacitor 1018 can provide an effective and continuous electrical path for the AC carrier signal, specifically from secondary 110 to the output or emitter 104, without significant signal attenuation. Capacitor 1018 can exhibit a capacitance of about 0.7 μF.

FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of a self-bias emitter circuit 1100 that provides a steady and increased DC bias voltage to emitter 104. The self-bias emitter circuit 1100 can include a top portion that creates a positive voltage and a bottom portion that creates a negative voltage, wherein the top portion is symmetrical to the bottom portion. In other words, a positive leg of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100 can be split from a negative leg of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100 in order to provide symmetry. A current spike through the amplifier due to the top portion and a current spike due to the bottom portion can mostly cancel each other out over one period of the carrier based on the symmetry between the top portion and the bottom portion in the self-bias emitter circuit 1100.

The self-bias emitter circuit 1100 can include a transductor 106. The transductor 106 can be coupled to resistor 1167. As a non-limiting example, the resistor 1167 can be 20 kΩ. The self-bias emitter circuit 1100 can include a primary 108 and a secondary 110.

The self-bias emitter circuit 1100 can include, in the top portion, diodes 1130, 1132, 1134, 1136, 1138, 1140 in combination with capacitors 1104, 1106, 1108, 1116, 1118, 1120, which are configured to operate as a rectifier and voltage multiplier. The cathodes on each of the diodes can be directed in the same location and the capacitors can be staggered between the diodes. The diodes 1130, 1132, 1134, 1136, 1138, 1140 can pump up the voltage, so at the top of the ladder, there is a plus voltage. The plus voltage can correspond with a top half or positive half of the carrier signal (with a sinusoidal AC waveform) from the transductor 106.

The self-bias emitter circuit 1100 can include, in the bottom portion, diodes 1142, 1144, 1146, 1148, 1150, 1152 in combination with capacitors 1110, 1112, 1114, 1122, 1124, 1126, which are configured to operate as a rectifier and voltage multiplier. The cathodes on each of the diodes can be directed in the same location, wherein the direction of the diodes is the same direction as the diodes in the top portion of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100. In addition, the capacitors can be staggered between the diodes. The diodes 1142, 1144, 1146, 1148, 1150, 1152 can pump down the voltage, so at the bottom of the ladder, there is a negative voltage. The negative voltage can correspond with a bottom half or negative half of the carrier signal (with a sinusoidal AC waveform) from the transductor 106.

The self-bias emitter circuit 1100 can include a series of zener diodes 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158. The zener diodes 1154, 1155 can correspond to the top portion of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100, and the zener diodes 1157, 1158 can correspond to the bottom portion of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100. A resistor 1173 can be parallel to the zener diode 1156. The resistor 1173 can have a zero value and be used to adjust the voltage by an additional zener voltage. In one example, the series of zener diodes can add up to approximately 300 V.

In the self-bias emitter circuit 1100, filter capacitor 1128 can be across the series of zener diodes 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158. The filter capacitor 1128 can smooth the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. As a non-limiting example, filter capacitor 1128 can exhibit a capacitance of about 1.5 μF.

The series of zener diodes 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158 can be inserted between a resistor 1161 and a resistor 1170 (with respect to the top portion of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100) to regulate the maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. In addition, the series of zener diodes 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158 can be inserted between a resistor 1164 and a resistor 1172 (with respect to the bottom portion of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100) to regulate the maximum amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied across emitter 104. In one example, each of the resistors can be approximately 1 MΩ.

With respect to the top portion of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100, a capacitor 1127 can provide an effective and continuous electrical path for the AC carrier signal, specifically from secondary 110 to the output or top portion of the emitter 104, without significant signal attenuation. With respect to the bottom portion of the self-bias emitter circuit 1100, a capacitor 1129 can provide an effective and continuous electrical path for the AC carrier signal, specifically from secondary 110 to the output or bottom portion of the emitter 104, without significant signal attenuation. In one example, capacitors 1127, 1129 can exhibit a capacitance of approximately 1.5 μF.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments are contemplated. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims. 

We claim:
 1. An emitter circuit for providing a direct current (DC) bias voltage, comprising: an emitter; a transductor that includes a primary winding and a secondary winding, wherein the secondary winding is operable to receive an alternating current (AC) carrier signal; a first voltage multiplier and rectifier operable to generate a positive DC bias voltage from the AC carrier signal; a second voltage multiplier and rectifier operable to generate a negative DC bias voltage from the AC carrier signal, wherein the second voltage multiplier and rectifier is symmetrical to the first voltage multiplier and rectifier; one or more zener diodes operable to limit an amplitude of a DC bias voltage applied across the emitter, wherein the DC bias voltage is based on the positive DC bias voltage and the negative DC bias voltage; and a filter capacitor, in parallel with the one or more zener diodes, operable to smooth the DC bias voltage that is applied across the emitter.
 2. The emitter circuit of claim 1, wherein the first voltage multiplier and rectifier that generates the positive DC bias voltage includes a first set of four diodes in combination with a first set of four capacitors.
 3. The emitter circuit of claim 1, wherein the second voltage multiplier and rectifier that generates the negative DC bias voltage includes a second set of four diodes in combination with a second set of four capacitors.
 4. The emitter circuit of claim 1, wherein a current ripple from the first voltage multiplier and rectifier substantially cancels out a current ripple from the second voltage multiplier and rectifier.
 5. The emitter circuit of claim 1, further comprising a resistor in parallel with the one or more zener diodes that is operable to adjust the DC bias voltage being applied across the emitter.
 6. The emitter circuit of claim 1, wherein the DC bias voltage across the one or more zener diodes is approximately 225 to 350 volts.
 7. The emitter circuit of claim 1, wherein the AC carrier signal includes a modulated AC carrier signal or an unmodulated AC carrier signal.
 8. The emitter circuit of claim 1, wherein the emitter circuit forms a part of a parametric speaker.
 9. An emitter circuit in a parametric loudspeaker for providing a bias voltage, the emitter circuit comprising: an emitter configured to emit ultrasonic signals; a transductor that includes a primary winding and a secondary winding, wherein the secondary winding is operable to receive an alternating current (AC) carrier signal; a voltage multiplier and rectifier operable to generate a DC bias voltage from the AC carrier signal; a zener diode operable to limit an amplitude of the DC bias voltage that is applied across the emitter; and a filter capacitor, in parallel with the zener diode, operable to smooth the DC bias voltage applied across the emitter.
 10. The emitter circuit of claim 9, wherein the voltage multiplier and rectifier includes four diodes in combination with four capacitors.
 11. The emitter circuit of claim 9, wherein the DC bias voltage generated from the voltage multiplier and rectifier is up to approximately four times a carrier voltage amplitude.
 12. The emitter circuit of claim 9, further comprising a first resistor and a second resistor to reduce an amount of current being provided to the voltage multiplier and rectifier, thereby reducing an amount of distortion in the emitter circuit.
 13. The emitter circuit of claim 9, wherein the primary winding is matched to an amplifier and the secondary winding is matched to the emitter.
 14. The emitter circuit of claim 9, wherein the DC bias voltage is applied across the emitter without affecting carrier information used by the emitter to emit parametric information.
 15. The emitter circuit of claim 9, wherein the zener diode is between a first resistor and a second resistor that are operable to decouple the DC bias voltage and prevent the DC bias voltage from shorting to the AC carrier signal.
 16. An emitter circuit in a parametric speaker for providing a bias voltage, the emitter circuit comprising: an emitter configured to emit ultrasonic signals; a transductor that includes a primary winding and a secondary winding, wherein the secondary winding is operable to receive an alternating current (AC) carrier signal; a voltage multiplier operable to receive the AC carrier signal from the secondary winding and generate a DC bias voltage; a zener diode to limit an amplitude of the DC bias voltage applied that is across the emitter; and a filter capacitor operable to smooth the DC bias voltage applied across the emitter.
 17. The emitter circuit of claim 16, wherein the voltage doubler includes a first diode, a second diode, a first capacitor and a second capacitor, wherein a negative swing of the AC carrier voltage causes the first diode to conduct and the first capacitor to charge, wherein a positive swing of the AC carrier voltage causes the second diode to conduct and the second capacitor to charge, wherein the DC bias voltage across the second capacitor is doubled when the first capacitor and the second capacitor are charged.
 18. The emitter circuit of claim 16, wherein values for the first capacitor and the second capacitor are determined based on a frequency of the AC carrier signal.
 19. The emitter circuit of claim 16, wherein the zener diode is between a first resistor and a second resistor that are operable to decouple the DC bias voltage and prevent the DC bias voltage from shorting to the AC carrier signal. 